The oil well was capped three months later, after 24/7 news coverage. Bacteria that had adapted to consuming naturally occurring gas and oil seeping from the seabed were thought to have consumed a portion of it. [322] The report concluded that the primary cause of failure was that the blind shear rams failed to fully close and seal due to a portion of drill pipe buckling between the shearing blocks. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [146], Underwater injection of Corexit into the leak may have created the oil plumes which were discovered below the surface. Bioremediation is a method used to treat water, soil, and subsurface material pollutants through changing environmental conditions to catalyze the growth of microorganisms and reduce the target pollutants 4. Internal emails released in 2013 showed that one BP employee had estimates that matched those of the FRTG, and shared the data with supervisors, but BP continued with their lower number. [190][191] PAHs are often linked to oil spills and include carcinogens and chemicals that pose various health risks to humans and marine life. [53] In July, tarballs reached Grand Isle and the shores of Lake Pontchartrain. . "[319] Transocean, however, blamed BP for making the decisions before the actual explosion occurred and government officials for permitting those decisions. [256][257] The Gulf of Mexico commercial fishing industry was estimated to have lost $247million as a result of postspill fisheries closures. Fertilizing water with nitrogen and phosphorus to stimulate microbial growth is a common bioremediation strategy for oil spill cleanup; it was used, for example, during the Valdez spill in. [324] On 8 March 2012, after BP and a team of plaintiffs' attorneys agreed to a class-action settlement, a court-supervised administrator Patrick Juneau took over administration. The genes code for ring-hydroxylating dioxygenases, which are necessary to cleave the aromatic rings of PAH [4]. Fortunately, unl Academy Directory. Updates? [28] In April 2016, BP agreed to pay $20.8billion in fines, the largest corporate settlement in United States history. We conducted dozens of public meetings and received thousands of comments which have helped us shape each phase of early restoration. [60], Concerns were raised about the appearance of underwater, horizontally extended plumes of dissolved oil. . [266][267], On 30 April 2010, President Barack Obama ordered the federal government to hold the issuing of new offshore drilling leases and authorized the investigation of 29oil rigs in the Gulf in an effort to determine the cause of the disaster. [141] On 24 May, EPA Administrator Lisa P. Jackson ordered EPA to conduct its own evaluation of alternatives and ordered BP to reduce dispersant use by 75%. [232], By June 2010, 143spill-exposure cases had been reported to the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals; 108 of those involved workers in the clean-up efforts, while 35 were reported by residents. [18][19], Numerous investigations explored the causes of the explosion and record-setting spill. BP said the report was inconclusive as to any causation associated with the spill. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. In the case of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, clean-up workers treated the oil with over 1.4 million gallons of various chemical dispersants. USCG said 3310^6USgal (120,000m3) of tainted water was recovered, including 510^6USgal (19,000m3) of oil. The United States federal government estimated the total discharge at 4,900Mbbl (210million USgal; 780,000m3). [61] Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Being hydrophobic compounds that are less dense than seawater, a large amount of such substances will form sheens on the ocean surface. [176] The Coast Guard and BP denied having a policy of restricting journalists; they noted that members of the media had been embedded with the authorities and allowed to cover response efforts since the beginning of the effort, with more than 400 embeds aboard boats and aircraft to date. An alternative technique that has longer-term remediating effect is the use of microbes in oil cleaning. In July 2010, it was reported that the spill was "already having a 'devastating' effect on marine life in the Gulf". A study showed that up to 800,000 birds were thought to have died. assessedinjuries to natural resourcessuch as fish, bottom-dwelling organisms, nearshore ecosystems, birds, sea turtles, and marine mammalsand lost recreation resulting from the spill. [41] The oil flowed for 87 days. If it proves to be oil from the subsurface, then that could indicate the possibility of an indefinite release of oil. [181] They also said that they wanted to provide access to the information while maintaining safety. [274][275] On 8 July, Florida Governor Charlie Crist called for a special session of the state legislature to draft an amendment to the state constitution banning offshore drilling in state waters, which the legislature rejected on 20 July.[276][277]. The spill area hosts 8,332species, including more than 1,270fish, 604 polychaetes, 218birds, 1,456mollusks, 1,503crustaceans, 4sea turtles and 29marine mammals. Directive of Rarely", "In Standoff With Environmental Officials, BP Stays With an Oil Spill Dispersant", "Statement by EPA Administrator Lisa P. Jackson from Press Conference on Dispersant Use in the Gulf of Mexico with U.S. Coast Guard Rear Admiral Landry", "Dispersants flow into Gulf in 'science experiment', "BP oil spill: Obama administration's scientists admit alarm over chemicals", "Gulf oil spill: Effects of dispersants remain a mystery", "22-mile-long oily plume mapped near BP site Disaster in the Gulf", "Chemical Dispersant Made BP Oilspill 52 Times More Toxic", "Dispersant makes oil from spills 52 times more toxic", "Burning off oil from BP spill in Gulf posed little health risk, feds say in new report (video)", "Giant oil skimmer 'A Whale' deemed a bust for Gulf of Mexico spill", BP oil spill: Kevin Costner's oil-water separation machines help with clean-up, "Advances in Oil Spill Cleanup Lag Since Valdez", "BP 'Excited' Over Kevin Costner's Oil Cleanup Machine, Purchases 32", "Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill Response: Current Operations as of June 28", "An Audacious Decision in Crisis Gets Cautious Praise", "Dynamic autoinoculation and the microbial ecology of a deep water hydrocarbon irruption", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, "Bacteria in the gulf mostly digested gas, not oil, study finds", "How Microbes Helped Clean BP's Oil Spill", Oil-eating microbes may not be all they're cracked up to be | The Upshot Yahoo! By October 2013 it had increased its projection to $9.2billion, saying it could be "significantly higher. [105], In October 2012, BP reported that they had found and plugged leaking oil from the failed containment dome, now abandoned about 1,500ft (460m) from the main well. And we will do whatever's necessary to help the Gulf Coast and its people recover from this tragedy. Mark Clayton for the Christian Science Monitor. This webpage is limited to EPAs enforcement-related activities only, and does not cover all legal or other actions against BP Exploration & Production and other parties for the spill, such as private party/class action settlements for medical claims and economic damages, or other actions against those responsible for the spill. [187] The U.S. Marine mammals such as dolphins, whales, and seals are also greatly affected by this horrific event. "[88] On 4 August 2010, BP began pumping cement from the top, sealing that part of the flow channel permanently. The microbial ecosystem in the Gulf of Mexico may have been primed for oil bioremediation before DWH because of persistent oil seepage in the waters from drilling. They used skimmer boats to remove a majority of the oil and they used sorbents to absorb any remnant of oil like a sponge. [370][371], This article is about the oil spill itself. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill that occurred in 2010 was one of the most devastating oil spills in history. In the November 2012 resolution of the federal charges against it, BP agreed to plead guilty to 11 felony counts related to the deaths of the 11 workers and paid a $4billion fine. These numbers, coupled with the National Audubon Society scientists' observations of bird colonies and bird mortality well after the acute phase, have led scientists to conclude that more than one million birds ultimately succumbed to the lethal effects of the Gulf oil spill. Pre-oil spill samples are what someone would expect in other beaches of similar location without contamination, which include a variety of diverse organisms that exhibit high level of interactions [5]. ", "Matter of Trust creates hair-and-nylon booms to help clean up BP oil spill in Gulf", "BP Provides Lessons Learned From Gulf Spill", "Oil dispersants used in Gulf of Mexico spill causing alarm", "Chemicals Meant To Break Up BP Oil Spill Present New Environmental Concerns", "Migratory Birds Carry Chemicals from BP Oil Spill to Minnesota Two Years After Disaster", "DISPERANTS: Chemicals BP used may cause cancer", "Dispersant 'may make Deepwater Horizon oil spill more toxic' | Environment", "Government defends BP's use of dispersants, but worries linger", "Degraded oil in Mississippi Sound tests positive for dispersants, says lawyer | al.com", "Riki Ott: An Open Letter to US EPA, Region 6", "Corexit: Deadly Dispersant in Oil Spill Cleanup", "In Gulf oil spill, how helpful or damaging are dispersants? Pumping continued for eight hours, at the end of which the well was declared to be "in a static condition. Fines would be apportioned commensurate with the degree of negligence of the parties, measured against the number of barrels of oil spilled. [198][212][213] By 2013, over 650 dolphins had been found stranded in the oil spill area, a four-fold increase over the historical average. The explosion, which killed 11 men, caused the rig to sink and started a catastrophic oil leak from the well. The settlement ended all civil and criminal penalty claims against the owners and operators of the rig BP, Anadarko, TransOcean and Halliburton under the Clean Water Act and the Oil Pollution Act. [20][21] Earlier in 2011, a White House commission likewise blamed BP and its partners for a series of cost cutting decisions and an inadequate safety system, but also concluded that the spill resulted from "systemic" root causes and "absent significant reform in both industry practices and government policies, might well recur". While the Deepwater Horizon oil spill occurred at a depth of greater than 5,000 feet, deep oil drilling continues in the Gulf of Mexico. [166][167], Genetically modified Alcanivorax borkumensis was added to the waters to speed digestion. [89], On 3 September 2010, the 300-ton failed blowout preventer was removed from the well and a replacement blowout preventer was installed. [279] In his 15 June speech, Obama said, "This oil spill is the worst environmental disaster America has ever faced Make no mistake: we will fight this spill with everything we've got for as long as it takes. [224][225], In 2013, researchers found that oil on the bottom of the seafloor did not seem to be degrading,[226] and observed a phenomenon called a "dirty blizzard": oil in the water column began clumping around suspended sediments, and falling to the ocean floor in an "underwater rain of oily particles." Both cores were likely too weak to withstand the pressure because they were composed of a concrete mixture that used nitrogen gas to accelerate curing. [172], The FAA denied that BP employees or contractors made decisions on flights and access, saying those decisions were made by the FAA and Coast Guard. [6][46] BP challenged the higher figure, saying that the government overestimated the volume. Several species of microbes played a significant role in the cleanup of BP oil spill which otherwise would not had been possible. [354], BP and its partners in the oil well, Transocean and Halliburton, went on trial on 25 February 2013 in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana in New Orleans to determine payouts and fines under the Clean Water Act and the Natural Resources Damage Assessment. The number of barrels was in dispute at the conclusion of the trial with BP arguing 2.5million barrels were spilled over the 87 days the spill lasted, while the court contends 4.2million barrels were spilled. In April 2010, the accident began after a spill from a seafloor oil gusher, leading to the explosion of BP's oil rig, Deepwater Horizon, in its Macondo . [81][311] According to the US Congressional investigation, the rig's blowout preventer, built by Cameron International Corporation, had a hydraulic leak and a failed battery, and therefore failed. [138] Because the dispersants were applied at depth, much of the oil never rose to the surface. [122] The EPA expressed concern that the booms would threaten wildlife. Not only was BP required to pay both criminal and civil court ordered penalties of more than $20.8 billion, they funded $500 million in additional research in 2010. It also included economic damage claims submitted by the five Gulf states and their local governments. [132] However, some independent scientists and EPA's own experts continue to voice concerns about the approach. [161], Several studies suggest that microbes successfully consumed part of the oil. In one example, the U.S. Coast Guard stopped Jean-Michel Cousteau's boat and allowed it to proceed only after the Coast Guard was assured that no journalists were on board. As oil and gas, shipping, and tourism activities increase, the possibilities of an oil spill also increase. [173] Notwithstanding restrictions, there were 800 to 1,000flights per day during the operations. [345][346] The plea was accepted by Judge Sarah Vance of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana on 31 January 2013. BP strongly disagreed with the ruling and filed an immediate appeal. [58] As of December2012[update], 339mi (546km) of coastline remain subject to evaluation and/or cleanup operations. Due to the effectiveness and lower cost of bioremediation, two methods. The main nutrients added to stimulate the growth of oil degrading microbes during the BP oil spills are nitrate and sulfate fertilizers [6]. Fish and Wildlife Service and the. A report from the University of Florida said that many locations showed 20% of fish with lesions, while later estimates reached 50%. It was based on our thorough assessment of impacts to the Gulf's natural resources and the services they provide. A large scale of bioremediation was deployed during the BP oil spill crisis due to its effectiveness and lower cost [8]. Major oil spills in the GoM such as the Deepwater Horizon (DWH 2010) and the Ixtoc 1 (1979) resulted in extensive pollution of the pelagic, sea-floor, and coastal ecosystems. Before it was capped three months later, approximately 134 million gallons of oil had spilled into the Gulf, the largest offshore oil spill in U.S. history. [340] BP says that it has $9.5billion in assets set aside in a trust to pay the claims, and the settlement will not increase the $37.2billion the company budgeted for spill-related expenses. [172][175] The FAA acknowledged that media access was limited to hired planes or helicopters, but was arranged through the Coast Guard. Post-oil spill samples on the other hand, contain mostly oil-degrading organisms with drastic decrease in diversity. Under the final consent decree, BP will pay the trustees up to $8.8 billion, the largest recovery of damages ever for injuries to natural resources, to restore the Gulf. Stout S A and Payne J R 2016 Chemical composition of floating and sunken in-situ . [193] Methane can potentially suffocate marine life and create "dead zones" where oxygen is depleted. Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Crude oil is shown in the Pacific Ocean offshore of Orange County, California, Oct. 3, 2021. Tens of billions of dollars in liability and fines were at stake. [22], In November 2012, BP and the United States Department of Justice settled federal criminal charges, with BP pleading guilty to 11 counts of manslaughter, two misdemeanors, and a felony count of lying to the United States Congress. "[342][343] The DOJ also said Transocean, the owner and operator of the Deepwater Horizon rig, was guilty of gross negligence as well. BP and the Department of Justice agreed to a record-setting $4.525billion in fines and other payments. [315], The National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling released a final report on 5 January 2011. In October 2011, the United States Department of the Interior's Minerals Management Service was dissolved after it was determined it had exercised poor oversight over the drilling industry. [360], Barbier ruled that BP had acted with conscious disregard of known risks" and rejected BP's assertion that other parties were equally responsible for the oil spill. Diaz warned that "chronic adverse health effects, including cancers, liver and kidney disease, mental health disorders, birth defects and developmental disorders should be anticipated among sensitive populations and those most heavily exposed". BP officials deny that the disease conditions are related to the spill, saying that dolphin deaths actually began being reported before the BP oil spill. [252], A cohort study of almost 2,200 Louisiana women found "high physical/environmental exposure was significantly associated with all 13 of the physical health symptoms surveyed, with the strongest associations for burning in nose, throat or lungs; sore throat; dizziness and wheezing. In early July the LMRP cap was removed for several days so that a more permanent seal could be installed; this capping stack was in place by July 12. [117][118][119], The Louisiana barrier island plan was developed to construct barrier islands to protect the coast of Louisiana. Testing over the past year (2019) reported by GulfSource.org, for the pollutants tested have not produced results.[186]. This is the preferred method when members of the indigenous microbial community are capable of degrading oil [10]. Many large-scale skimmers exceeded the limit. [123], For a time, a group called Matter of Trust, citing insufficient availability of manufactured oil absorption booms, campaigned to encourage hair salons, dog groomers and sheep farmers to donate hair, fur and wool clippings, stuffed in pantyhose or tights, to help contain oil near impacted shores, a technique dating back to the Exxon Valdez disaster. Once released by the fracture of the core, the natural gas traveled up the Deepwater rigs riser to the platform, where it ignited, killing 11 workers and injuring 17. [11][12] The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is regarded as one of the largest environmental disasters in world history. The report places some of the blame for the accident on BP but also on Halliburton and Transocean. Benthic and highly productive habitats such as marshes and coastal wetlands in the affected areas were contaminated with crude oil and other petroleum by products; they are harmful to many of the organisms that thrive there [2]. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill in pictures, https://www.britannica.com/event/Deepwater-Horizon-oil-spill, National Ocean Service - Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010 - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Deepwater Horizon oil spill: debris and oil, Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010: path of the oil, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Those funds are credited towards the possible final $8.8 billion total. However, it was verified in June that the plumes were in fact from the Deepwater spill. Based on 16S rRNA gene community analysis, the most prominent group of hydrocarbon degraders detected at contaminated sites were from the genus Pseudomonas [9]. Women who suffered a high degree of economic disruption as a result of spill were significantly more likely to report wheezing; headaches; watery, burning, itchy eyes and stuffy, itchy, runny nose. In April 2012, the Justice Department filed the first criminal charge against Kurt Mix, a BP engineer, for obstructing justice by deleting messages showing that BP knew the flow rate was three times higher than initial claims by the company, and knew that "Top Kill" was unlikely to succeed, but claimed otherwise. [329] An independent audit of the GCCF, announced by Attorney General Eric Holder, was approved by Senate on 21 October 2011. [150] The scientists concluded that "Mixing oil with dispersant increased toxicity to ecosystems" and made the gulf oil spill worse. [84], Transocean's Development Driller III started drilling a first relief well on 2 May 2010. A finding of gross negligence would result in a four-fold increase in the fines BP would have to pay for violating the federal Clean Water Act, and leave the company liable for punitive damages for private claims. BP said 826,800bbl (131,450m3) had been recovered or flared. Most oil found its way to the surface while some formed large plumeswithin the water column. During this transition period additional $404million in claims were paid. [17] One study released in 2014 reported that tuna and amberjack that were exposed to oil from the spill developed deformities of the heart and other organs that would be expected to be fatal or at least life-shortening and another study found that cardiotoxicity might have been widespread in animal life exposed to the spill. News, "Slick Solution: How Microbes Will Clean Up the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill", Riki Ott: Bio-Remediation or Bio-Hazard? This settlement concludes the largest civil settlement ever awarded. On 20th April 2010, the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig lost control of a well as a cement plug installed to temporarily abandon the well hole failed. 2179 "DEEPWATER HORIZON" IN THE GULF: OF MEXICO, ON APRIL 20, 2010", "U.S. bans BP from new government contracts after oil spill deal", "US court accepts BP's Macondo guilty plea", "BP Will Pay $4.5B in Plea Deal over Macondo", "Transocean Agrees to Plead Guilty to Environmental Crime and Enter Civil Settlement to Resolve U.S. Clean Water Act Penalty Claims from Deepwater Horizon Incident", "Halliburton Pleads Guilty to Destroying Evidence After Gulf Spill", "Judges Call BP's Arguments "Nonsensical", "The ideas that underly BP's cert petition don't make sense", "BP's Appeal Fails to Interest Supreme Court, Cert Denied", "Halliburton to pay around $1.1 bn for US oil spill claims", "BP to begin presenting its defense Monday in Gulf oil spill trial", "BP, Transocean Accused of 'Reckless' Actions in Spill", "U.S. Justice, Gulf states crafting BP spill settlement", "BP found "grossly negligent' in Gulf of Mexico oil spill", "BP set to pay largest environmental fine in US history for Gulf oil spill", "Kurt Mix, BP Engineer, Faces First Oil Spill Charges", "Feds File First Criminal Charges Related to BP Gulf Spill", "First Criminal Charges Filed in Deepwater Horizon Accident", "BP to pay $4.5bn penalty over Deepwater Horizon disaster", "BP Managers Plead Not Guilty to Deepwater Horizon Criminal Charges", "Halliburton manager gets 1 year probation in Gulf oil spill", "Blowout: Four years after his indictment, one of the only people prosecuted for the Deepwater Horizon explosion tells his side of the story", "Disaster prosecution is, well, a disaster", "Disaster's Toll on the Gulf and Its People", "The Great Invisible (Post-Screening Discussion)", "The Great Invisible | Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill | Independent Lens | PBS", "Vanishing Pearls: The Oystermen of Pointe a la Hache (2014) - IMDb", "Vanishing Pearls: The Oystermen of Pointe a la Hache Official Trailer 1 (2014) HD", "Slamdance Film Review: 'Vanishing Pearls: The Oystermen of Pointe a la Hache', "Review: 'Vanishing Pearls' shows fallout after Gulf disasters", "Pretty Slick: The BP Deepwater Horizon Exposed - Updated and Expanded Directors Cut", "Focus on Nature: Film Series (PLV) | Current Students | October 15, 2015 | PACE UNIVERSITY", "New Film Focuses on the Demise of Louisiana's Coast", "After the Spill: Louisiana Water Stories, Part II", Journey to Planet Earth: Dispatches from the Gulf 1 (of 3), "Dispatches from the Gulf - Screenscope - Journey to Planet Earth", "Meet David Murphy: The Next Generation of Scientists (Gulf Dispatches)", "Dispatches from the Gulf: A New Documentary", "The Movie BP (Probably) Doesn't Want You To See", "Nicolas Cage Gets Serious About the BP Oil Spill In The Runner Trailer", "Black Water (BP Version) - Gulf Oil Spill Doobie Brothers Parody", "Eddie Vedder and Jimmy Fallon 'Balls in Your Mouth', "Russell Crowe and Jimmy Fallon sing 'Balls in Your Mouth', "Jimmy Fallon & Brad Paisley Sing "Balls In Your Mouth" (Late Night with Jimmy Fallon)", "Audience Suggestion Box: Jimmy Fallon & Florence Welch Sing "Balls In Your Mouth", "God's Counting on Me, God's Counting on You", "BP Research Dollars Yield Signs of Cautious Hope", "Critical Lessons from the Federal Response to the Gulf Oil Spill", Deepwater Horizon Incident, Gulf of Mexico, Science in a Time of Crisis: WHOI's response to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, "Approaches for Ecosystem Services Valuation for the Gulf of Mexico After the, CDC Oil Spill Response Resources NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic, Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), State of Florida Oil Spill Academic Task Force, ScientificAmerican.com 2015-04020 BP Gulf Oil Spill: 5 Years Later Indepth Report, Underwater Video Examines Multiple Leak Points Causing BP Oil Spill, Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill Interactive: Smithsonian Ocean Portal, BBC News interactive animation to the disaster and blocking efforts, CSB produced blowout animation and technical explanation of cause of disaster, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&oldid=1130796604, 4.9Mbbl (210,000,000U.S.gal; 780,000m, 2,500 to 68,000sqmi (6,500 to 176,100km, The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is referenced in the 2010 episode of, This page was last edited on 1 January 2023, at 00:57. [215] [36][37] Eleven missing workers were never found despite a three-day U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) search operation and are believed to have died in the explosion. [28][361], On 2 July 2015, BP, the U.S. Justice Department and five gulf states announced that the company agreed to pay a record settlement of $18.7billion. A massive response ensued to protect beaches, wetlands and estuaries from the spreading oil utilizing skimmer ships, floating booms, controlled burns and 1.8410^6USgal (7,000m3) of oil dispersant. ", "OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH. [52] On 10 July, the containment cap was removed to replace it with a better-fitting cap ("Top Hat Number 10"). "Bryan Walsh. In addition, Louisiana reported that lost visitor spending through the end of 2010 totaled $32million, and losses through 2013 were expected to total $153million in this state alone. The explosion and record-setting spill aromatic rings of PAH [ 4 ] Pacific ocean offshore of Orange County California... 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[ 28 ] in July, tarballs reached Grand Isle and the services they provide on other! Concerns were raised about the approach Deepwater spill 138 ] Because the dispersants were at. On the other hand, contain mostly oil-degrading organisms with drastic decrease in diversity in States! With dispersant increased toxicity to ecosystems '' and made the Gulf 's natural resources and shores. However, it was verified in June that the government overestimated the volume ( 2019 reported... ( 19,000m3 ) of coastline remain subject to evaluation and/or cleanup operations as to any causation associated the! 11 ] [ 46 ] BP challenged the higher figure, saying that government! The plumes were in fact from the subsurface, then that could indicate the possibility of an indefinite of. Affected by this horrific event to sink and started a catastrophic oil leak from well. Cleanup operations started drilling a first relief well on 2 may 2010 when of. Of barrels of oil deepwater horizon oil spill bioremediation 510^6USgal ( 19,000m3 ) of coastline remain subject to evaluation cleanup... Injection of Corexit into the leak may have created the oil 's own continue! [ 11 ] [ 19 ], several studies suggest that microbes successfully consumed of!

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