major problems of agriculture in ethiopia

Therefore, farm size affects agricultural sustainability in the economy, social aspects, and environmental performance of agricultural production, for instance, increasing farm size has a positive impact on farmers net profit, economic benefits, technical and labor efficiency with mean coefficients of 0.005, 0.02, and 2.25 in China, respectively (Ren et al., 2019). Getachew E, Nibret M (2014) Major reproductive health disorders in cross breed dairy cows in Ada'a district, East . But the government tried crowding out the private sector leadership with no mechanization options and with little attention to rural finance and credit facilities. Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian life to the extent that little progress can be made unless agriculture is attacked directly. Number of landholders by land size (ha)-2014/2015 in Ethiopia by its national regional states. The key agricultural problems worldwide are price volatility in agricultural markets, food insecurity, undernourishment, shortage of land and water resources used in agricultural activities. ELPAA (Ethiopia Land Policy and Administration Assessment). International governments and organizations could support the country not only by the provision of credit and donation but also should make sure that the political and economic environment for permitting the intended goals. Agricultural Production System in Ethiopia Agricultural production is dominated by smallholder households which produce more than 90% of agricultural . Expansion of large-scale agricultural investments (land grabbing) in these areas is the current government's focus and resulting in the loss and unsustainable utilization of natural resources. Whereas the temperature increased by 1.3C from 1960 to 2006 (Asaminew & Diriba, 2015). The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that can grow diverse horticultural crops for home consumption and foreign markets (Ashinie & Tefera, 2019). Feed shortage was the primary constraint in both areas. Dryland areas in Ethiopia encompass pastoral and agro-pastoral areas in the country and have long been regarded as peripheries especially in economic terms. Ethiopia s agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). However, Ethiopia is almost rainfall-dependent as there are no practices of water harvesting technology (Ayalew, 2018). The author is not aware of any affiliations, memberships, funding, or financial holdings that might be perceived as affecting the objectivity of this review. The perception of Ethiopia projected in the media is often one of chronic poverty and hunger, but this bleak assessment does not accurately reflect most of the country today. Achievements and challenges in Ethiopian agriculture. Ethiopia is relatively close to major export markets such as the Middle East and Europe, Djibouti and Somalia, and can benefit a lot from banana exports. Ethiopia's total export earnings by value increased by 12% from the previous year. The major factors are increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, rising temperature levels, possibly leading to more drought and floods. Agriculture constitutes over 50% of economic sector in Ethiopia, and the largest dependable economic activity. However, Ethiopias current fruit and vegetable export to nearby international markets, like The Middle East, is very limited and requires refrigeration to keep fresh produce during transportation to Djibouti where it can be shipped to international markets. The cost is too expensive and sometimes lost half of the farmer's profit. Ethiopia is among those developing countries that are making their best to improve the agricultural sector in the last few decades though much still remains. Principal crops grown are coffee, pulses, oilseeds, potatoes, sugarcane, and a few vegetables. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. This indicated the gap between actual and potential yields that reflect constraints, such as insufficient adoption of technologies, lack of integrated market, and gender inequalities in small-scale family farming communities (FAO, 2011b). 2016; Alemu 2017; Assefa and Hans-Rudolf 2017). crop productions and animal rearing) took place. We use cookies to improve your website experience. Just clear tips and lifehacks for every day. Generally, land degradation is a great threat to future production in Ethiopia. Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . fLACK OF DEFINITE AGRICULTURE LAND USE POLICY At regional level it is on the will of the farmer to grow Variations and fluctuations in rainfall and temperature compromise, among others, the productive performances of the agricultural sector and make rural households at risk. The percentage share of GDP by major economic sector in the year 2010/11 was 44.7 for agriculture, 10.5 for industry and 45.5 for the service sector but these figures changed to 38.5, 15.1 and 46.3% in the year 2014/15 in the same order of the sectors [9,10]. recent trends - sources of growth: csa data growth in the application of modern inputs was slower : on average 44 percent of cultivated area was fertilized and this share grew at average annual rate of 1 percent, rate of chemical fertilizer application averaged 33 kg/ha and grew annually at a rate of 6.8 percent, application of improved seed This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The government in Ethiopia has implemented various agricultural policies such as market liberalization, structural adjustment, Agricultural-Led Industrialization, Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program, Participatory and Accelerated Sustainable Development to Eradicate Poverty and successive Growth and . Ethiopia's development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the major strategic pillars. The farmland obtained in such a way is very limited to the individual capacity to work and difficult even to plow by oxen-power than tractor. Nevertheless, arable land is an indispensable resource for Ethiopians to secure food and food self-sufficiency. Within the country, there is a lack of improved seeds, pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation. It is the responsibility of the government to establish strategies for the growth . Such food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations and further intensifies the international security problems in the horn of Africa (Cohen & Garrett, 2009; Chakraborty & Garrett, 2002). The country has also ample opportunity in. In addition, the country's agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. Ethiopia's economy is dependent on agriculture, which accounts for 40 percent of the GDP, 80 percent of exports, and an estimated 75 percent of the country's workforce. This review paper addresses the key problems to the countrys policymakers, academic workers, researchers, farmers, and other stakeholders to plan to solve the problems in the future. A crossectional study was conducted to identify the major health problems of dairy cattle and associated risk factors in and around Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia. Land degradation. The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this review article. The categories of such age groups are dependent on the shoulders of the producers like the underproductive children. Bureaucracy and ill management is another (may be the second biggest) top problem the country is facing. Aragie (2013) reported that Ethiopia has lost a cumulative level of over 13% of its current agricultural output between 1991 and 2008 followed by climate change. This report indicated that India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Indonesia, Egypt, and the United States of America in descending order of population increment. Many are now forced to rely on welfare assistance aid and dependent on imported cereals (Diriba, 2020). The vast majorities of smallholder farmers of Ethiopia living in perpetually substandard conditions, relying on traditional systems, undercapitalized; farm on fragmented land, depleted soil fertility with high competition of pests, and low investment in agricultural inputs (chemical fertilizer, improved seeds, and pesticides) (ATA, 2014). Degree of the world`s land degradation (source: WWF (World wide fund), 2016), Figure 3. Agricultural expansion affecting Acacia Woodland in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia Impacts of Deforestation Atmospheric Impact Deforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate and geography of Ethiopia. the major issues discussed are: instability in grain prices finance and credit post production losses transportation and communication grades and standards storage processing information transactions costs f table 1: problems and knowledge gaps in grain marketing and probable solutions a constraint for The future of Ethiopian agriculture is bright because of the fact that the country is gifted with a variable climate ranging from tropics (growing tropical crops like citrus fruits) to subtropics (growing crops like apples). What is Ethiopia weakness? In Ethiopia, it is characterized by high-input and resource-intensive farming systems that harmoniously caused losses of important microorganisms, massive deforestation, freshwater scarcities, soil nutrient depletion, and high levels of greenhouse gas emissions and then hindered agricultural outputs (FAO, 2017). The majority of the Ethiopians are farmers but they have not yet secured food at large. MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands). Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia and requires urgent intervention to secure the food demand of the people (Woreka, 2004). Table 9. Encouraging the participation of investors in the agricultural sector would improve their income and opportunities of society in rural areas and reduce the root causes of migration and poverty in the future. This is an impediment to increasing yield and rather leads to poverty and food insecurity. They are helpful in the protection of natural resources and increase production and productivity. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88% of the country`s GDP. Nov. 13, 2009. 36 likes 22,568 views. For instance, the citrus leaf miner, mango white scale, two-spotted spider mites, American fall armyworm, and mango fruit flies. Benin (2006) finds out that land degradation constraints caused a lowering of the likelihood of using reduced tillage and the value of crop yield per hectare. The country is endowed with ample water resources in central, western, and southwestern parts, except dry parts of the northeastern and eastern parts which may even be supplied from the water-rich areas of the country. This is why they are unable to sustain the demand of rising rural population density as the farm sizes declined (Josephson et al., 2014). FAO (2016) indicated that in Ethiopia the water flows along the Nile Basin, Rift valley, Shebelli-Juba, and the Northeast coast has the potential to irrigate about 5.7 million ha., but at present, about 2.7 million ha is utilized. Check out a sample Q&A here. An increase in farm size is also associated with a decrease in fertilizer and pesticide use per hectare, showing clear benefits for environmental protection (Ren et al., 2019). Deforestation 4. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The deteriorating situation of food security in Ethiopia is caused by population pressure, drought, shortage of farmland, lack of oxen, deterioration of food production capacity, outbreak of plant and animal disease, poor soil fertility, frost attack, shortage of cash income, poor farming technologies, weak extension . It reduces yield, flora, fauna, and soil productivity and affects the hydrological balances negatively. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. This influenced the levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets. 1. Our analysis select coffee, teff, wheat, maize, barley, and sorghum because these crops constitute Ethiopias main agricultural economy and the priority for enhancing export earnings and for ensuring food security as well as agro-industrial development (Amede et al. It constitutes over 50% of the gross domestic product (GDP), accounts for over 85% of the labour force and earns over 90% of the foreign exchange [2]. The adverse impact of climate variability varies. Notably, the variability is higher between July and September. According to the most recent studies, 842 million people or 12 percent of the world's population were unable to meet their . Migration may affect the policies, jobs, and lifestyles of the receiving countries that may lead to the competition of the limited resources and worst to xenophobia as observed in South Africa. What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system? GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment). What ways affect agricultural development in Ethiopia? The traditional vegetables of Ethiopia have the potential for increased production and expansion of use to areas where they are less popular or not known at all. The technological input like synthetic chemical fertilizers has also increased the acidity of soil from time to time in high rainfall areas. It has also plenty of groundwater (Ayalew, 2018). So, it is suggested that balancing the productive and dependent manpower is important because manpower planning is a very important tool and technique of human resources in any sector of development. on What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? Yet agriculture is the countrys most promising resource. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Traditional farming systems and low production and productivity well express the current Ethiopian agriculture. Although industrialized agriculture has been successful in producing large quantities of food, the future of food production is in jeopardy due to problems in agriculture. Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, Table 6. The rise in an average temperature exhibited a spatial and temporal variation over the country. Agriculture in Ethiopia is mainly dependent on rainfed systems, and this dependency has put the majority of the Ethiopian population at the mercy of meteorological variability. 2 The main contributions, potentials, characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. Ethiopia has a high-level strategy to pursue agriculture-based industrialisation with a goal of achieving middle income country status by 2025 with no net increase in carbon emissions. Then there's the deeper problem: a political infrastructure built almost exclusively around Ethiopia's constituent ethno-national groups. They failed to recognize the seriousness of the danger and complexity even when the problems had actually revealed themselves. In Ethiopia, the farmland is highly fragmented in the central northern parts than other parts (Figure 1). Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. This report also indicated that in the past three decades, 23% of the land area is degraded based on estimation using satellite imagery hotspots that could be translated to 54 USD billion, and the annual cost of land degradation associated with land use and change of cover is estimated to be about 4.3 USD billion. This farming system is typically found in areas of higher elevations, usually above 2000 m but sometimes down to 1500 m of altitude. However, currently, the building of houses, industries or fabrics, urban establishments, and other infrastructures are undertaken on a larger scale. The logic behind the difficulty is that almost all of the arable land is occupied by farmers mostly during the Derge regime (1975 or before 4050years ago), except some of the youth who get small farm size from their parents as gifted or inherited. Ethiopia will be ranked fifth in the rate of population increment globally (UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs), 2019). The policies the government put down has a long way in expanding the agricultural sector in the country. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". In 2019, Ethiopia's major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). Expert Solution. Rural aging has major implications on the rural labor force in patterns of agricultural production, land tenure, the social organization within communities, and socioeconomic development (FAO, 2017). Annual maximum temperature variability by Agro Ecological Zones (AEZs) from 1979 to 2013years, Table 8. Land degradation impact index (GLADIS). For many low-income families, low harvests mean they do not have enough food and are unable to eat nutritious food on a regular basis. The significant cost of power or electricity that is shouldering by our farmers are a big problem.. Major problems of Ethiopian agriculture; Is agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy; In Ethiopia, agriculture is accounting for over 50% of gross domestic product and employing over 85% of the labor force. Livestock population with estimated 30-35 million. But this situation is exacerbated by man-made factors like deforestation, cultivation, or plowed vertical along a downslope direction that increases runoff and soil erosion (Bishaw, 2001). Key constraints to agricultural productivity in Ethiopia include low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low profitability and efficiency of fertilizer use due to the lack of complimentary improved practices and seed, and lack of irrigation and water constraints. Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. It is a basis for eradicating extreme poverty and reduces inequalities within region levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets, including land and building resilience to protracted crises, disasters, and conflicts by promoting inclusive and equitable development in the country. Overcoming these challenges requires a greater commitment of the governments, nongovernment, and other international organizations to assurance the peoples basic needs and inspire the citizens to commercialize agriculture through improving infrastructures, provision of incentives, and export the agricultural commodities. Farmland fragmentation in Ethiopia. It represents about 22% of the worlds crops, pastures, forests, and woodlands. Agricultural investment potential of Ethiopia. This might be achieved through significant changes in government policies in the utilization of resources for sustainable development. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate trends and controversies of population growth and . Ethiopia was ranked 92 in the world in Global Hunger Index 2020. Government policies regarding expanding of crop production to export fruits and vegetables to the international market to improve the citizens income are encouraging (Wiersinga et al., 2008). Indian agriculture suffer from numerous problems that is small land holdings, unscientific method of farming, less irrigation facilities, greater veriability to pest and disease, poverty among farmers and lack of infrastructure facilities etc. It is located in the Horn of Africa, bordering six (6) countries: Djibouti and Somalia to the East, Eritrea to the North and Northeast, Kenya to the South and Sudan and South Sudan to the West. This isconstrained by abiotic and biotic factors. Risk and resilience in a new era. 7 How much of Ethiopias land is under cultivation? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Vast grazing land and livestock resource (55-58%) of its total area. FAO (2011) and https://blog.agrivi.com also reported that nearly two billion hectares of arable land degraded worldwide since the 1950s. avoids the problem of heteroskedasticity and endogeneity, reduces the problem of multi . The northern part of Ethiopia is highly affected historically by drought/famine several times. It constitutes over 50% of the gross domestic product (GDP), accounts for over 85% of the labour force and earns over 90% of the foreign exchange [2]. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. The Ethiopian highland soil is originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials. AQUASTAT - FAOs global information system on water and agriculture, FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations). This aggravated soil erosion, low agricultural output, conflict, and food insecurity in the country (MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands), 2018). THE MAJOR AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS The highland mixed farming system The dominant farming system in Ethiopia is peasant farming where intensive multiple crop production is integrated with livestock production. 4. Therefore, increasing such activities will increase the country's income and food demand. 4 Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? The aim of the current study was to assess the major animal health problems and their impact on beef cattle production in Doba district of West Harerghe Zone, Ethiopia. Most of the Ethiopian water flows to the Western direction (69.83%), following to Eastern (33.34%) as indicated in Table 11. Although important it was, in Ethiopia, academic workers have never been recognized as important developmental issues. For instance, foreign investment in Ethiopia . Underlying causes of land degradation may include among others; migration, farmland shortages, and poverty which forces people to go into unsustainable land practices (Nkonya et al., 2011). Coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. The variability of food price increment occurs within a short period of time, season, and years. Evidence from Ethiopia, Challenges and possibilities for attribution studies in developing countries: Ethiopian drought of 2015, Land fragmentation and food insecurity in Ethiopia, Early identification of land degradation hotspots in complex bio- geographic regions, Ethiopias food insecurity: Europes role within the broader context of food flows, climate change and land grabs, Effects of monoculture, crop rotation, and soil moisture content on selected soil physicochemical and microbial parameters in wheat fields, The UNDP climate change country profiles improving the accessibility of observed and projected climate information for studies of climate change in developing countries, Farmers response to climate change and variability in Ethiopia: A review, A review on agricultural problems and their management in Ethiopia, Ministry of Livestock and International Livestock Research Institute. In Ethiopia, bananas are one of the main commodities with huge export market potential. 1. Ethiopia one of the fastest-growing economies in the continent. Your email address will not be published. These activities will reduce farm demand, political instability, tension, migration, and degradation of the existing arable land. Furthermore, it resulted in unsustainable land-use practices. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. Ethiopia has no: Less than 21 soil types with varying physical and chemical features. Conservational agriculture approaches seek to reduce soil disturbance by minimizing mechanical tillage, maintain a protective organic cover on the soil surface, and cultivate a wider range of plant species both annuals and perennials in associations, sequences, and rotations that may include trees, shrubs, pastures, and crops, for example, rotation cropping systems of pulses or legumes build up and maintain soil nitrogen levels (FAO, 2017). By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. Although it has a positive effect on the increment utilization of input demand like fertilizer and improved varieties. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2 percent per annum over the next ten years. In summary, the prospects require the institutional reforms and proclamations that primarily focus on investment in agricultural infrastructures, encouraging private agricultural sector investors, advanced agricultural technology adoptions to mention a few as a role that should be played by the Ethiopian government. Effects of climate variability on development of wheat rust diseases (Puccinia spp.) There are a number of weed species that are invasive, introduced, into Ethiopia at different times are including parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)); water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (C. The Labor Sorrow It was all started about the tax that laborers are shouldering. This is due to a lack of financial resources or the skills to invest, utilize, and confidence they have in the adopting of new practices, particularly the older women are disadvantaged because of gender divisions in agricultural production (ATA, 2014). Hence, integration of all the concerned bodies including market channels, and reviewing the poor and weakest strategic development may partly solve the productivity and agricultural production problems. At that time, the criteria of the provision of farmland are based on the number of families and cattle. It is projected that by 2050 the Ethiopia population will be estimated to be 171.8 million by increasing at a rate of 2.5% annually (Bekele & Lakew, 2014). Question. Ethiopia is the country where political unrest occurred for a long period of time that affected agricultural productivity and production in the past and at present. See Solution. However, it is not sufficient and sustainable to feed these rapidly growing Ethiopians. Currently, the proportion of the population that access more than 2 ha of farmland achieve a basic subsistence under normal conditions of productivity levels. The integral agricultural practices to sustain its growth include the use of farmland, labor, other inputs through technological progress, social innovation, and new business models in efficient and effective ways by conserving the scarce natural resources according to local conditions (Troell et al., 2014; OECD, 2011).

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major problems of agriculture in ethiopia

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